As described in the Rich Output tutorial, the IPython display system can display rich representations of objects in the following formats:
This Notebook shows how you can add custom display logic to your own classes, so that they can be displayed using these rich representations. There are two ways of accomplishing this:
_repr_html_ when you define your class.This Notebook describes and illustrates both approaches.
Import the IPython display functions.
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from IPython.display import (
display, display_html, display_png, display_svg
)
Parts of this notebook need the matplotlib inline backend:
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%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
The main idea of the first approach is that you have to implement special display methods when you define your class, one for each representation you want to use. Here is a list of the names of the special methods and the values they must return:
_repr_html_: return raw HTML as a string_repr_json_: return raw JSON as a string_repr_jpeg_: return raw JPEG data_repr_png_: return raw PNG data_repr_svg_: return raw SVG data as a string_repr_latex_: return LaTeX commands in a string surrounded by "$".As an illustration, we build a class that holds data generated by sampling a Gaussian distribution with given mean and standard deviation. Here is the definition of the Gaussian class, which has a custom PNG and LaTeX representation.
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from IPython.core.pylabtools import print_figure
from IPython.display import Image, SVG, Math
class Gaussian(object):
"""A simple object holding data sampled from a Gaussian distribution.
"""
def __init__(self, mean=0.0, std=1, size=1000):
self.data = np.random.normal(mean, std, size)
self.mean = mean
self.std = std
self.size = size
# For caching plots that may be expensive to compute
self._png_data = None
def _figure_data(self, format):
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.hist(self.data, bins=50)
ax.set_title(self._repr_latex_())
ax.set_xlim(-10.0,10.0)
data = print_figure(fig, format)
# We MUST close the figure, otherwise IPython's display machinery
# will pick it up and send it as output, resulting in a double display
plt.close(fig)
return data
def _repr_png_(self):
if self._png_data is None:
self._png_data = self._figure_data('png')
return self._png_data
def _repr_latex_(self):
return r'$\mathcal{N}(\mu=%.2g, \sigma=%.2g),\ N=%d$' % (self.mean,
self.std, self.size)
Create an instance of the Gaussian distribution and return it to display the default representation:
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x = Gaussian(2.0, 1.0)
x
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You can also pass the object to the display function to display the default representation:
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display(x)
Use display_png to view the PNG representation:
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display_png(x)
display and display_png. The former computes all representations of the object, and lets the notebook UI decide which to display. The later only computes the PNG representation.
Create a new Gaussian with different parameters:
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x2 = Gaussian(0, 2, 2000)
x2
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You can then compare the two Gaussians by displaying their histograms:
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display_png(x)
display_png(x2)
Note that like print, you can call any of the display functions multiple times in a cell.
When you are directly writing your own classes, you can adapt them for display in IPython by following the above approach. But in practice, you often need to work with existing classes that you can't easily modify. We now illustrate how to add rich output capabilities to existing objects. We will use the NumPy polynomials and change their default representation to be a formatted LaTeX expression.
First, consider how a NumPy polynomial object renders by default:
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p = np.polynomial.Polynomial([1,2,3], [-10, 10])
p
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Next, define a function that pretty-prints a polynomial as a LaTeX string:
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def poly_to_latex(p):
terms = ['%.2g' % p.coef[0]]
if len(p) > 1:
term = 'x'
c = p.coef[1]
if c!=1:
term = ('%.2g ' % c) + term
terms.append(term)
if len(p) > 2:
for i in range(2, len(p)):
term = 'x^%d' % i
c = p.coef[i]
if c!=1:
term = ('%.2g ' % c) + term
terms.append(term)
px = '$P(x)=%s$' % '+'.join(terms)
dom = r', $x \in [%.2g,\ %.2g]$' % tuple(p.domain)
return px+dom
This produces, on our polynomial p, the following:
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poly_to_latex(p)
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You can render this string using the Latex class:
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from IPython.display import Latex
Latex(poly_to_latex(p))
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However, you can configure IPython to do this automatically by registering the Polynomial class and the plot_to_latex function with an IPython display formatter. Let's look at the default formatters provided by IPython:
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ip = get_ipython()
for mime, formatter in ip.display_formatter.formatters.items():
print '%24s : %s' % (mime, formatter.__class__.__name__)
The formatters attribute is a dictionary keyed by MIME types. To define a custom LaTeX display function, you want a handle on the text/latex formatter:
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ip = get_ipython()
latex_f = ip.display_formatter.formatters['text/latex']
The formatter object has a couple of methods for registering custom display functions for existing types.
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help(latex_f.for_type)
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help(latex_f.for_type_by_name)
In this case, we will use for_type_by_name to register poly_to_latex as the display function for the Polynomial type:
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latex_f.for_type_by_name('numpy.polynomial.polynomial',
'Polynomial', poly_to_latex)
Once the custom display function has been registered, all NumPy Polynomial instances will be represented by their LaTeX form instead:
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p
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p2 = np.polynomial.Polynomial([-20, 71, -15, 1])
p2
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Rich output special methods and functions can only display one object or MIME type at a time. Sometimes this is not enough if you want to display multiple objects or MIME types at once. An example of this would be to use an HTML representation to put some HTML elements in the DOM and then use a JavaScript representation to add events to those elements.
IPython 2.0 recognizes another display method, _ipython_display_, which allows your objects to take complete control of displaying themselves. If this method is defined, IPython will call it, and make no effort to display the object using the above described _repr_*_ methods for custom display functions. It's a way for you to say "Back off, IPython, I can display this myself." Most importantly, your _ipython_display_ method can make multiple calls to the top-level display functions to accomplish its goals.
Here is an object that uses display_html and display_javascript to make a plot using the Flot JavaScript plotting library:
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import json
import uuid
from IPython.display import display_javascript, display_html, display
class FlotPlot(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.uuid = str(uuid.uuid4())
def _ipython_display_(self):
json_data = json.dumps(zip(self.x, self.y))
display_html('<div id="{}" style="height: 300px; width:80%;"></div>'.format(self.uuid),
raw=True
)
display_javascript("""
require(["//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/flot/0.8.2/jquery.flot.min.js"], function() {
var line = JSON.parse("%s");
console.log(line);
$.plot("#%s", [line]);
});
""" % (json_data, self.uuid), raw=True)
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import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(0,10)
y = np.sin(x)
FlotPlot(x, np.sin(x))
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